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Which charterparty is being incorporated into a bill of lading • It is important to identify exactly which charterparty the bill of lading has incorporated, as some of the terms of the charterparty will apply to the bill of lading.• A charterparty is incorporated into a bill of lading by way of reference in the…
How does water get into crude oil cargo tanks? Extraction The starting point when considering sources and mechanisms for the ingress of water is the origin of the oil and the production or extraction process. Oil is produced using different methods, with these methods varying depending on the geology of the region being exploited. In…
Liquefaction – it’s a term used as a ‘catch-all’ phrase to describe at least two moisture-related cargo failure mechanisms. The results, however, are the same – vessel instability and ultimately the vessel sinking. Classical liquefaction Classical liquefaction occurs when moisture between the cargo particles becomes sufficiently pressurised, causing the particles to separate. “Then the cargo…
Energy Efficiency Existing Ship Index (EEXI) Regulations The EEXI Regulations are aimed at bringing the efficiency standard of the existing global fleet up to a minimum level, subject to ship type and size. The Regulations apply to ships of and over 400 gross tonnes (subject to some exceptions) and require that a ship’s ‘attained EEXI’…
Ventilation of bulk grains and oilseeds The ventilation of bulk cargoes, especially agricultural commodities, is a recurring problem . But how does a crew know when to ventilate a cargo, and why should they do it? What is ventilation? Agricultural bulk cargoes are usually hygroscopic; they possess a natural moisture content, and they may absorb,…
The purpose of the Shipboard Energy Efficiency Management Plan (SEEMP) is to establish procedures for improving the energy efficiency of the vessels . The SEEMP encourages continuous management by repeating the PDCA cycle of (1) Planning, goal setting, (2) Implementation, (3) Monitoring, and (4) Self-evaluation and improvement. The Company shall set goals for energy management…
In mid September a loaded container ship is in position 26˚ 30’ N 121˚ 20’ E bound through the strait of Taiwanfor Honkong, steaming on a SW’ly course at 16 kts. A weather report from indicates that a typhoon currently inposition 21˚ 30’ N 117˚ 15’ E has re-curved on to a NE path, moving…
Wind pattern The wind direction and speed is determined by the position of the Highs and Lows. Wind flows outwards from the high and towards the low, in the northern hemisphere the direction of wind isanticlockwise around a low and clock wise around a high, similarly in the southern hemisphere the wind flowstowards the low…
Pressure patterns: Common for July and January Permanent High in North and South Atlantic (35˚N/S)Permanent High in the Indian ocean SE of Mozambique (35˚S)Permanent high in North and south pacific (35˚N) and 35˚S off Chilean coast.Permanent Low SW of Iceland close to the east coast of green land. July (Northern summer / Southern winter) Atlantic:…
North Atlantic: July: Northern Summer January: Northern Winter South Atlantic / S. Indian Ocean / South Pacific Ocean January (summer): Pack Ice: July (winter): The icebergs can be traced as follows: